In determining the allocation of water resources, the probable conditions of water resources and water demands are considered as the water allocation scenarios in the basin scale. Then, these scenarios are evaluated in the context of integrated water resources management and from the perspective of sustainable development indicators. The best scenario is selected in order to determine the water allocations. In these evaluations, there are Spatial distributions and their interactions are simultaneously the key charaterictics in the decision matrix. These features are not often considered in the evaluation process. In the present study, distributed indicators and simple and integrated multi-criteria evaluation models, including ANP and CP methods, were used to evaluate the water allocation scenarios in the Aras Basin. The results showed that modeling of the Spatial distribution and interactions of water allocation impacts was not possible through any of the simple multi-criteria evaluation methods. Simplifying and discarding one or two key features in the evaluation process can lead to significant uncertainties on rankings with a Spearman coefficient of-0. 1. By implementing the integrated Spatial decision-making approach and applying two features simultaneously, the fourth scenario was ranked first. The proposed approach was compared with the individual models, showing more accurate, with the correlation coefficients of 0. 5, 0. 6 and 0. 7...

Background and Aim: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are the most common cause of memory impairment worldwide. No effective drug treatment has been found to improve the memory deficit and quality of life of these patients. Considering the effects of MPL on improving memory in Alzheimer's disease and hippocampal ischemia, this study investigated the effect of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on the Spatial memory of rats. Methods: This study was conducted on 48 adult male Wistar rats (45-day-old) weighing 250-270 grams, which were randomly divided into two groups of “7 days” and “28 days”. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 8) including control, sham, and drug. The Spatial learning and memory were assessed by the Morris water maze. Animals were trained to find the hidden platform in the maze for five days and 4 sessions every day. The drug was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle at a dose of 1 µg per 5 µL per rat, 20 min after surgery. The time spent and the distance traveled in the target quadrant were assessed on the seventh and twenty-eighth days after the last day of learning. Results: No significant difference was found between the groups in the time spent and distance traveled in the target quadrant during the learning phase. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between groups in memory recall at both 7 days and 28 days after the training period (p > 0.05). Conclusion: In our study, MPL 1 µg/5 µL/rat did not affect the Spatial memory of rats. ‎

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and Spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the Spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the variables and factors affecting the development of the Spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and Spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the variables affecting the Spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the variables in the Spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to the results, some variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver variables. On the other hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key variables affecting the development of the Spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals

Current research presents a systematical water allocation scheme for Bukan reservoir located in the northwest of Iran. In this scheme، the agricultural demands reduced by application of some fallow to satisfy other sector demands، when the system faced with a water scarcity. For this، the monthly water deficit ratio calculated for the historical period of 1995-2013. To determining water deficit thresholds in the reservoir it classified to five groups by k-means clustering method. For determining the optimized amount of fallow genetic algorithm used to optimize the operation of the reservoir for each crop year from 2007-2013. For assessment of the irrigation efficiency also consideration of the environmental demand effect to the fallow amount، six scenarios are applied. Results revealed that by increasing of irrigation efficiency it needs less fallow. Applying optimized fallow leads to deliver downstream demands at an acceptable level. So increasing irrigation efficiency should be as a priority of water managers.

In order to supply reliable water to prioritized demands a comprehensive plan is needed. In this paper, the allocation of water resources in a basin is evaluated using two methods of administrative and market-based mechanisms. The study area is Balikhlichay river basin in Ardabil Province. First, in the administrative allocation, a nonlinear optimization model is developed to maximize the net benefit of farmers taking into account the system constraints. At this stage, the area of crops, the optimum amount of water and the shadow prices are obtained in each region. In the market-based allocation the optimization model is developed to maximize the economic value of irrigation water and defining tradable water rights. In order to reallocate the market benefits and establish a sustainable market, the concept of the cooperative game and Shapley value is then utilized. The benefits of the market are equitably distributed in a different coalition of consumers. The results of the administrative allocation model are considered as the initial water rights in the second model. The economic value of water is derived by calculating the area under the inverse water demand function curve for each region. The volume of water trades and the final allocated water are decision variables. The benefits of all consumers in the market will increase by cooperative game. Results indicated that water market in the Balikhlichay region can improve water use efficiency. The results showed that the market provides the potential for trading of about 18% of water rights among farmers in this region. Additionally, the results obtained in this paper showed that these trades would increase farmers’ profitability by about 9%.

In the context of integrated water resources management, assessment of water allocation scenarios is very important and complex. There are different and sometimes conflicting indicators in water resources management that have different values in different areas. Regarding this, evaluation of allocation scenarios involves performing the Spatial multi-criteria analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate water resources allocation scenarios using a Spatial decision support system. Therefore, the compromise programming method with the economic, social and environmental indicators has been implemented in the Aras basin. In the first step, the indicators were considered as lumped and distributed form with equal weight. In the second step, the sensitivity of the compromise programming method was analyzed changing one of the indicators weight, while maintaining the other indicators constant. In step three, group and fuzzy decision making approach was used to determine the weight of the indicators. Then, scenarios 1 to 5 ranked fifth, third, second, first and fourth respectively. The results of this study showed implementing Spatial distribution of indicators influence both scores and rankings of the water resources allocation scenarios. So that the Spearman correlation coefficient of the rankings, caused by application of lumped and distributed indicators, was calculated to be 0. 6. Also, application of the compromise programming method, group-fuzzy weight and distributed indicators leads to a change in ranking and reduce correlation coefficient up to 0. 2. Regarding the effect of two parameters, including the type of indicators and the group-fuzzy weight of indicators, on the scenarios ranking results, a significant uncertainty in the process of assessing scenarios could be occurred if the proposed parameters would not be considered. Therefore, it is essential to consider the Spatial distribution of the values and the group-fuzzy decision-making should be used to determine the weight of evaluation indices.

The growing number of areas facing water scarcity necessitates adaptive water management strategies beyond traditional water supply and demand management methods, which are becoming increasingly difficult in many regions. water reallocation offers a flexible water management approach to mitigate water scarcity under changing socioeconomic, climatic, and environmental conditions. water allocation can take many forms that vary in duration, Spatial scale, complexity, and institutional structure required, which are important for understanding the water allocation functions. In this regards, the main purpose of this study was to explain the water allocation functions from the perspective of four mechanism including administrative allocation, collective negotiations, market driven allocation and robust allocation. For this purpose, 45 reviewed and empirical papers based on these mechanism, were selected by snowball sampling technique and analyzed by qualitative method. A qualitative content analysis based on inductive approach was conducted as the analytical process. In this approach, after selecting the analysis unit and meaning units, explanatory themes including “developing the pricing system and sharing the benefits of allocation”, “developing the governance of institutional actors” and “utilization of dynamic planning and efforts to maintain environmental resources” in the water allocation were identified. The results showed that most of these mechanisms have a one-dimensional perspective and only one mechanism has a comprehensive perspective, and also focused on some categories such as Legal pluralism and diversity of mechanisms. Ultimately, Robust allocation is the only mechanism in allocation that considers the issues of efficiency and justice in a mixed and balanced way.

A Cooperative water allocation Model (CWAM) as a comprehensive model for efficient and equitable allocation of water in a river basin is designed. This model comprised of two steps: first the initial allocation of water using Lexicographic Minimax Ratio of water Shortage (LMWSR), and second, water reallocation and net benefit for an efficient and optimal allocation of water transfer model. The second step can usethe followings: Irrigation water Planning Model (IWPM); Hydrologic-Economic River Basin Model (HERBM) and Cooperative Reallocation Game (CRG).This study is performed in order to optimize the allocation of water resources of Chahnimeh natural reservoirs in a 12 month term (April 2005 to March 2006) using Game Theory.The results of LMWSR model showed a satisfaction ratio of 1 to 0.89 for domestic water and 1 to 0.49 for agricultural sector. For allocating water to the reservoirs this ratio is less than 1 for all months.The HERBM model results showed that the total allocation and profit of domestic water is increased in the optimal allocation compared to the initial allocation. These are decreased for agricultural compared to the initial allocation.The reallocation of benefits based on the concept of Shaply value showed that the maximum benefit obtained for the domestic water of Zahedan City which drew the maximum side payment and added value from other stakeholders in the whole period. The least benefit belongs to the agricultural sector.